Albuminuria is the hallmark of both primary and secondary proteinuric glomerulopathies,
including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), obesity-related nephropathy, and …

Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

Inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes that regulate caspase-
dependent inflammation and cell death. Pattern recognition receptors, such as nucleotide …

The innate immune system includes several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),
including membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding …

Inhalation of silica particles is an environmental and occupational cause of silicosis, a type
of pneumoconiosis. Development of the lung silicosis is a unique process in which the …

Seven P2X ion channel nucleotide receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterised.
P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are unusual in that there are extra amino acids in the intracellular …

Kidney injury implies danger signaling and a response by the immune system. The
inflammasome is a central danger recognition platform that triggers local and systemic …

Inflammasomes form a crucial part of the innate immune system. These are multi-protein
oligomer platforms that are composed of intracellular sensors which are coupled with …

Pyroptosis is one special type of lytic programmed cell death, featured in cell swelling,
rupture, secretion of cell contents and remarkable proinflammation effect. In the process of …