Summary 1 A growing number of ecologists are turning to the enumeration of white blood
cells from blood smears (leukocyte profiles) to assess stress in animals. There has been …

Seasonal variations in temperature, rainfall and resource availability are ubiquitous and can
exert strong pressures on population dynamics. Infectious diseases provide some of the best …

Stress has profound effects on vertebrate immunity, but most studies have considered stress–
immune interactions in terms of wild animals enduring demanding, but predictable activities …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Wildlife populations are under increasing pressure from a variety of threatening processes,
ranging from climate change to habitat loss, that can incite a physiological stress response …

The need to understand how anthropogenic landscape alteration affects fauna populations
has never been more pressing. The importance of develo** an understanding of the …

Innovative behaviors such as exploiting novel food sources can grant significant fitness
benefits for animals, yet little is known about the mechanisms driving such phenomena, and …

Studies incorporating the ecology of clinical and sub-clinical disease in wild populations of
conservation concern are rare. Here we examine sub-clinical infection by Trichomonas …

Trichomonas gallinae is an emerging pathogen in wild birds, linked to recent declines in
finch (Fringillidae) populations across Europe. Globally, the main hosts for this parasite are …

Stress-induced effects on innate immune activity in wild birds have been difficult to predict.
These difficulties may arise from the frequent assumptions that (1) the stress response …