Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)—a member of a small family of secreted proteins
that includes nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4—has emerged as a …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

It is now clearly established that complex interactions between genes and environment are
involved in multiple aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, from determining an individual's …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurs during learning and can last for
long periods, making it a probable mechanism for memory storage. LTP induction results in …

Translation is under tight spatial and temporal controls to ensure protein production in the
right time and place in cells. Methods that allow real-time, high-resolution visualization of …

We report that, in the rat hippocampus, learning leads to a significant increase in
extracellular lactate levels that derive from glycogen, an energy reserve selectively localized …

Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far,
molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused …

Cytokines are constitutively released in the healthy brain by resident myeloid cells to keep
proper synaptic plasticity, either in the form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity or of homeostatic …

Stress is a major risk factor in the onset of several neuropsychiatric disorders including
anxiety and depression. Although several studies have shown that social isolation stress …

A consequence of normal aging is a greater susceptibility to memory impairments following
an immune challenge such as infection, surgery, or traumatic brain injury. The …