Melting is pervasive along the ice surrounding Antarctica. On the surface of the grounded ice
sheet and floating ice shelves, extensive networks of lakes, streams and rivers both store …

Understanding Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) hydrology is essential for evaluating response of
ice dynamics to a warming climate and future contributions to global sea level rise. Recently …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Abstract The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is a growing contributor to global sea-level rise, with
recent ice mass loss dominated by surface meltwater runoff,. Satellite observations reveal …

Approximately half of Greenland's current annual mass loss is attributed to runoff from
surface melt. At higher elevations, however, melt does not necessarily equal runoff, because …

In recent decades, meltwater runoff has accelerated to become the dominant mechanism for
mass loss in the Greenland ice sheet,–. In Greenland's high-elevation interior, porous snow …

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet contributes significantly to present sea level rise.
High meltwater runoff is responsible for half of Greenland's mass loss. Surface melt has …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Most of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are covered with firn—the transitional
material between snow and glacial ice. Firn is vital for understanding ice-sheet mass …

At high elevations of ice sheets, melting snow generally percolates and refreezes, so does
not contribute to the shrinking of the ice sheet. Here, we systematically map the runoff area …