Heavy metal (HM) toxicity has become a global concern in recent years and is imposing a
severe threat to the environment and human health. In the case of plants, a higher …

The visual deficiency symptoms develo** on plants constitute the ultimate manifestation of
suboptimal nutrient supply. In classical plant nutrition, these symptoms have been …

When under stress, plants release molecules to activate their defense system. Detecting
these stress-related molecules offers the possibility to address stress conditions and prevent …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is a usual phenomenon in a plant both under a
normal and stressed condition. However, under unfavorable or adverse conditions, ROS …

Chromium (Cr) is an element naturally occurring in rocky soils and volcanic dust. It has been
classified as a carcinogen agent according to the International Agency for Research on …

Cd is the third major contaminant of greatest hazard to the environment after mercury and
lead and is considered as the only metal that poses health risks to both humans and animals …

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for human, animals and plants, although it is also
potentially toxic above supra-optimal levels. In plants, Cu is an essential cofactor of …

Nowadays, crop insufficiency resulting from soil salinization is threatening the world. On the
basis that soil salinization has become a worldwide problem, studying the mechanisms of …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by metabolic pathways in almost all cells. As
signaling components, ROS are best known for their roles in abiotic and biotic stress-related …

Reductions in crop yields brought about by abiotic stress are expected to increase as
climate change, and other factors, generate harsher environmental conditions in regions …