4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Elastic constants 52 4.3 Isothermal versus adiabatic elastic constants
55 4.4 Experimental techniques 57 4.5 Some general trends in elasticity: Birch's law 59 4.6 …

The existence, spatial distribution, and style of volcanism on terrestrial planets is an
expression of their internal dynamics and evolution. On Earth a physical link has been …

Seismic anisotropy has been found in many regions of the Earth's interior. Its presence in the
Earth's crust has been known since the 19th century, and is due in part to the alignment of …

Double-diffusive convection is a mixing process driven by the interaction of two fluid
components which diffuse at different rates. Leading expert Timour Radko presents the first …

Interrogating physical processes that occur within the lowermost mantle is a key to
understanding Earth's evolution and present-day inner composition. Among such processes …

In this section the contribution of CPO to seismic anisotropy in the deep Earth with cases of
olivine and the role of melt is illustrated. The CPO in rocks of upper-mantle origin is now well …

We investigated the melting properties of a synthetic chondritic primitive mantle up to core–
mantle boundary (CMB) pressures, using laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Melting criteria …

Iron is the most abundant transition-metal element in the mantle and therefore plays an
important role in the geochemistry and geodynamics of the Earth's interior,,,,,,,,,,. Pressure …

The mantle plume hypothesis is now widely known to explain hotspot volcanoes, but direct
evidence for actual plumes is weak, and seismic images are available for only a few …

Some regions of the Earth's lowermost mantle exhibit anomalous seismic properties within a
thin zone, less than tens of kilometers in thickness, that directly overlies the core-mantle …