The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac
output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy …

Activation and accumulation of cardiac fibroblasts, which result in excessive extracellular
matrix deposition and consequent mechanical stiffness, myocyte uncoupling, and ischemia …

Cardiac and skeletal striated muscles are intricately designed machines responsible for
muscle contraction. Coordination of the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, and the …

Cardiac muscle cells have an intrinsic ability to sense and respond to mechanical load
through a process known as mechanotransduction. In the heart, this process involves the …

The giant protein titin forms a unique filament network in cardiomyocytes, which engages in
both mechanical and signaling functions of the heart. TTN, which encodes titin, is also a …

Endurance training involves manipulation of intensity, duration, and frequency of training
sessions. The relative impact of short, high-intensity training versus longer, slower distance …

The intact heart undergoes complex and multiscale remodelling processes in response to
altered mechanical cues. Remodelling of the myocardium is regulated by a combination of …

The 364 exon TTN gene encodes titin (TTN), the largest known protein, which plays key
structural, developmental, mechanical, and regulatory roles in cardiac and skeletal muscles …

T-tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma of ventricular cardiomyocytes contain junctional
structures functionally coupling L-type calcium channels to the sarcoplasmic reticulum …