Membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by two highly
conserved parallel pathways. The well-studied co-translational pathway uses signal …

Integral membrane proteins of the cell surface and most intracellular compartments of
eukaryotic cells are assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum. Two highly conserved and …

Membrane protein biogenesis faces the challenge of chaperoning hydrophobic
transmembrane helices for faithful membrane insertion. The guided entry of tail-anchored …

Membrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is complex and failure-
prone. The ER membrane protein complex (EMC), comprising eight conserved subunits, has …

Hundreds of proteins are inserted post-translationally into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane by a single carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD). During targeting …

One-fourth of eukaryotic genes code for integral membrane proteins, nearly all of which are
inserted and assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The defining feature of …

A large group of diverse, functionally important, and differently localized transmembrane
proteins, share a particular membrane topology, consisting of a cytosolic N-terminal region …

Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are posttranslationally inserted into either the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) or the mitochondrial outer membrane. The C-terminal transmembrane …

Members of the Oxa1 superfamily perform membrane protein insertion in bacteria, the
eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and endosymbiotic organelles. Here, we review …

Tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum are
chaperoned by cytosolic targeting factors that deliver them to a membrane receptor for …