This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators,
highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer‐to centimeter‐scale robotic applications …

Twisted-fiber artificial muscles, a new type of soft actuator, exhibit significant potential for use
in applications related to lightweight smart devices and soft robotics. Fiber twisting …

Stimuli-responsive materials have been used in major applications such as sensors,
actuators, wearable devices, and biomedical devices owing to their ability to respond to …

Materials with switchable mechanical properties are widespread in living organisms and
endow many species with traits that are essential for their survival. Many of the mechanically …

Electrochemical actuators directly converting electrical energy to mechanical energy are
critically important for artificial intelligence. However, their energy transduction efficiency is …

In human being's history, both the Iron Age and Silicon Age thrived after a matured massive
processing technology was developed. Graphene is the most recent superior material which …

Graphitic carbon nitride with ordered two-dimensional structure displays multiple properties,
including tunable structure, suitable bandgap, high stability, and facile synthesis. Many …

Electrochemical power tools are regarded as essential keys in a world that is becoming
increasingly reliant on fossil fuels in order to meet the challenges of rapidly depleting fossil …

Ionic gels represent a novel class of stretchable materials where ionic conducting liquid is
immobilized in a polymer matrix. This review focuses on the design of ionic gel materials …

Soft electro-chemo-mechanical actuators have received enormous interest in biomimetic
technologies, wearable electronics, and microelectromechanical systems due to their low …