Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develops on the mucosal epithelium of the oral
cavity. It accounts for approximately 90% of oral malignancies and impairs appearance …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which
either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on …

The chemokine ligand CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are implicated in the initiation and
progression of various cancers. CCL2 can activate tumour cell growth and proliferation …

It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

Molecular targeted therapies are revolutionized therapeutics which interfere with specific
molecules to block cancer growth, progression, and metastasis. Many molecular targeted …

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment represents not only one of the key factors
stimulating tumor progression but also a strong obstacle for efficient tumor immunotherapy …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in tumor progression, metastasis,
and recurrence after treatment. Macrophage plasticity and diversity allow their classification …

Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and
mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to …

One of the current stumbling blocks in our fight against cancer is the development of
acquired resistance to therapy, which is attributable to approximately 90% of cancer-related …