Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau,
TP hereafter) can trigger a series of climate responses and have global consequences …

The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a
range of environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview on the current …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Our current 1.1° C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period
(1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic …

Warming surface temperatures have driven a substantial reduction in the extent and
duration of Northern Hemisphere snow cover,–. These changes in snow cover affect Earth's …

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation
determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It …

The ice‐cover period in lakes is increasingly recognized for its distinct combination of
physical and biological phenomena and ecological relevance. Knowledge gaps exist where …

Tundra dominates two‐thirds of the unglaciated, terrestrial Arctic. Although this region has
experienced rapid and widespread changes in vegetation phenology and productivity over …

Snow has far-reaching effects on ecosystem processes and biodiversity in high-latitude
ecosystems, but these have been poorly considered in climate change impact models 1, 2 …