Background Recently, the hallmarks of aging were updated to include dysbiosis, disabled
macroautophagy, and chronic inflammation. In particular, the low-grade chronic …

The intestinal wall is a selectively permeable barrier between the content of the intestinal
lumen and the internal environment of the body. Disturbances of intestinal wall permeability …

Objective Ample evidence exists for the role of abnormal gut microbiota composition and
increased gut permeability ('leaky gut') in chronic inflammation that commonly co-occurs in …

In recent times, the emergence of viral infections, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the
monkeypox virus, and, most recently, the Langya virus, has highlighted the devastating …

Historically, the intestinal lymphatics were considered passive conduits for fluids, immune
cells, dietary lipids, lipid soluble vitamins, and lipophilic drugs. Studies of intestinal lymphatic …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease worldwide, and is one of the cornerstones
of metabolic syndrome. The existence of a strong relationship between diabetes and the …

Immune cells and immune molecules in the intestinal mucosa participate in innate and
adaptive immunity to maintain local and systematic homeostasis. With aging, intestinal …

Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome associated with a decline in reserve capacity across
multiple organ systems involving physical, psychological, and social aspects. Weakness is …

Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) in mothers' milk play a crucial role in guiding the
colonization of microbiota and gut-immune barrier development in infants. Non-digestible …

The intestinal epithelium is responsible for food digestion and nutrient absorption and plays
a critical role in hormone secretion, microorganism defense, and immune response. These …