Compared with traditional exercise tests, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides
a thorough assessment of exercise integrative physiology involving the pulmonary …

Dyspnea is the most common symptom experienced by patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). To avoid exertional dyspnea, many patients adopt a sedentary …

Oxygen is an essential element for life and without oxygen humans can survive for few
minutes only. There should be a balance between oxygen demand and delivery in order to …

Rationale: The mechanisms underlying dyspnea in interstitial lung disease (ILD) and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown. Objectives: To examine …

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing allows the assessment of the integrative cardiopulmonary
response to exercise and is a useful tool to assess the underlying pathophysiologic …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death
worldwide. Current COPD diagnosis (ie, spirometry) could be unreliable because the test …

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a method for evaluating pulmonary and
cardiocirculatory abnormalities, dyspnea, and exercise tolerance in healthy individuals and …

The lungs and heart are irrevocably linked in their oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
transport functions. Functional impairment of the lungs often affects heart function and vice …

Dyspnea and exercise limitation are among the most common symptoms experienced by
patients with various chronic lung diseases and are linked to poor quality of life. Our …

Exercise ventilation (V′ E) relative to carbon dioxide output (V′ CO2) is particularly
relevant to patients limited by the respiratory system, eg those with chronic obstructive …