Some recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
factor that interacts with the three neurobiological correlates of major depressive disorder …

The central nervous system (CNS) regulates innate immune responses through hormonal
and neuronal routes. The neuroendocrine stress response and the sympathetic and …

Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response
to stress. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to …

Objective To provide a narrative review of the latest concepts and understanding of the
pathophysiology of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). Participants A …

The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory
arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the …

Clinicians must be aware of the growing list of causes and predisposing factors that may
lead to the life-threatening disorder of acute adrenal insufficiency. This review provides a …

It is increasingly clear that significant differential regulation of pituitary and adrenal gland
activation exists, leading to a dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and …

Genetic host factors play a substantial role in susceptibility to and severity of malaria, which
continues to cause at least one million deaths per year. Recently, members of the toll-like …

Several neuropsychiatric diseases are related with stress (posttraumatic stress disorder,
major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia) and stress exposure modifies …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an archetypal pattern recognition system. Their
sophisticated biology underpins the ability of innate immunity to discriminate between highly …