There is growing interest in the application of alternative stable state (ASS) theory to explain
major vegetation patterns of the world. Here, we introduce the theory as applied to the …

Background Livestock grazing and 'overabundance'of large wild herbivores in forested
areas have long been perceived as conflicting with the aims of both silviculture and forest …

Trophic rewilding is an ecological restoration strategy that uses species introductions to
restore top-down trophic interactions and associated trophic cascades to promote self …

The impacts of introduced or overabundant large herbivores are a concern for the
conservation of forest plant communities and the sustainability of ecosystem function. White …

Ungulate browsers, when at high densities, are major drivers of vegetation change in forests
world‐wide. Their effects operate via a variety of generalizable mechanisms related to plant …

Large mammalian herbivores are major drivers of the structure and function of terrestrial
ecosystems world‐wide, and changes in their abundance have resulted in many …

The dazzling variation in plant chemistry is a primary mediator of trophic interactions,
including herbivory, predation, parasitism, and disease. At the same time, such interactions …

Biomes of the world have long been assumed to be determined by climate. Major disparities,
where open low biomass systems occurred in the same climate zone as closed forests have …

Advanced regeneration, in the form of tree seedlings and saplings, is critical for ensuring the
long‐term viability and resilience of forest ecosystems in the eastern United States. Lack of …

Abstract Forests in eastern North America are experiencing high densities of white-tailed
deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and encroachment by invasive plants, both of which threaten …