2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract The African Humid Period of the early to mid-Holocene (12,000–5000 years ago)
had dramatic ecological and societal consequences, including the expansion of vegetation …

Late Quaternary climate variability in the southern African subtropics is still only poorly
resolved, with significant complexity and apparent contradictions in the regional dataset. To …

The response of the tropical climate in the Indian Ocean realm to abrupt climate change
events in the North Atlantic Ocean is contentious. Repositioning of the intertropical …

Antarctic ice cores show that a millennial-scale cooling event, the Antarctic Cold Reversal
(14,700 to 13,000 years ago), interrupted the last deglaciation,,. The Antarctic Cold Reversal …

Leaf wax n-alkanes of terrestrial plants are long-chain hydrocarbons that can persist in
sedimentary records over geologic timescales. Since meteoric water is the primary source of …

Leaf wax n-alkanes are long-chain hydrocarbons that can persist in sedimentary records
over geological timescales. Since their hydrogen isotopic composition (expressed as a δD …

The development of modernity in early human populations has been linked to pulsed
phases of technological and behavioural innovation within the Middle Stone Age of South …

During the last deglaciation, wetter conditions developed abruptly~ 14,700 years ago in
southeastern equatorial and northern Africa and continued into the Holocene. Explaining the …

Intense debate surrounds the evolution of grasses using the C4 (Hatch-Slack)
photosynthesis pathway and the emergence of African grasslands, often assumed to be one …