Prenatal stress programmes long-lasting neuroendocrine and behavioural changes in the
offspring. Often this programming is maladaptive and sex specific. For example, using a rat …

There is growing evidence that the environment experienced by one generation can
influence phenotypes in the next generation via transgenerational plasticity (TGP). One of …

Steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids (GCs), are widely used to assess physiological
responses to stressors. As steroid hormones are heavily metabolised prior to excretion, it is …

The colonization of novel environments requires a favorable response to conditions never,
or rarely, encountered in recent evolutionary history. For example, populations colonizing …

Exposure of females to stressful conditions during pregnancy or oogenesis has a profound
effect on the phenotype of their offspring. For example, offspring behavioural phenotype may …

Dorsal markings are common, and can function in predator evasion, as sexual signals, or be
the remnants of developmental or physiological processes. We used phylogenetic …

In oviparous vertebrates, maternal androgens can alter offspring immune function,
particularly early in development, but the potential for negative health effects of maternal …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a dual role in the biology of
developmental plasticity in mammals, including humans—HPA axis activity not only …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are central mediators of vertebrate responses to intrinsic and extrinsic
stimuli. Among the sources of variation in circulating GCs are transgenerational effects …

Understanding the relationship between the environment parents experience during
reproduction and the environment embryos experience in the nest is essential for …