BACKGROUND Radiocarbon (14C) has long been recognized as providing an essential
dating method covering the past 55,000 years. However, the further role of 14C as a …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

During the last glacial period, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) closely followed Antarctic
temperature on millennial timescales. This strong correlation between Antarctic climate and …

The last glacial period was punctuated by cold intervals in the North Atlantic region that
culminated in extensive iceberg discharge events. These cold intervals, known as Heinrich …

Aim Insight into global biome responses to climatic and other environmental changes is
essential to address key questions about past and future impacts of such changes. By …

Pulse-like carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere on centennial time scales has only
been identified for the most recent glacial and deglacial periods and is thought to be absent …

Multi-A**s Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a well-established
ground-based measurement technique for the detection of aerosols and trace gases …

Centennial-scale increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide, known as carbon dioxide jumps,
are identified during deglacial, glacial and interglacial periods and linked to the Northern …

Antarctic ice cores reveal a glacial climate state during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS‐3; 57–
29 ka) punctuated by millennial‐scale warming events and pulses of CO2. This study further …

Abstract The Southern Ocean occupies 14% of the Earth's surface and plays a fundamental
role in the global carbon cycle and climate. It provides a direct connection to the deep ocean …