BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Exposure therapy is an effective approach for treating anxiety disorders, although a
substantial number of individuals fail to benefit or experience a return of fear after treatment …

Language demonstrates structure while also showing considerable variation at all levels:
languages differ from one another while still being shaped by the same principles; …

A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from
voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by …

Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

Learning is usually thought to occur during episodes of studying, whereas retrieval of
information on testing simply serves to assess what was learned. We review research that …

Learning and memory are two of the most magical capabilities of our mind. Learning is the
biological process of acquiring new knowledge about the world, and memory is the process …

▪ Abstract The medial temporal lobe includes a system of anatomically related structures that
are essential for declarative memory (conscious memory for facts and events). The system …

Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both
the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the …