The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens,
regulating the normal microbiota and contributes to homeostasis. Today we have obtained …

ABSTRACT β-Lactams are the most widely prescribed antibiotics used for the control and
treatment of bacterial infections. The direct effect of β-lactams on bacteria is well studied …

Salmonella typhimurium is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium, which is found primarily
in the intestinal lumen. It often causes diarrhea in infants and young children and leads to …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease characterized by microbiota
disturbance and intestinal mucosal damage. The current study aimed to investigate the …

The effect of both Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and ciprofloxacin (Cip) was investigated by
evaluating their therapeutic and immunity properties on serum biochemical parameters, and …

Gut microbiota can promote tumor development by producing toxic metabolites and
inhibiting the function of immune cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health crisis, which has been fueled by
the sustained use of certain classes of antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. While the …

TNF-α is a type of cytokine that is produced by inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells
produce cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, etc. Ciprofloxacin is the last drug of choice to …

The study evaluated the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) on
Oreochromis niloticus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens …