Background In adults, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity shows sexual
dimorphism, and this is thought to be a mechanism underlying sex-specific disease …

Early stress in the form of repetitive neonatal pain, in infants born very preterm, is associated
with long-term dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and with …

The present study is based on a theoretical framework of cognitive load that distinguishes
causal factors (learner characteristics affecting cognitive load eg, self-concept; interest; …

Serious games are supposed to instigate engagement and, in turn, improve learning. High
engagement is frequently connected with a positive affective state and a high flow state …

Experiments are a complex teaching method carrying a high cognitive load and the risk of
failure, which both may induce stress among students. However, it remains unclear if the …

Background There is some evidence to suggest that ginseng and Ginkgo biloba can
improve cognitive performance, however, very little is known about the mechanisms …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that is
characterized by its complex pathophysiology and heterogenous presentation. Multiple …

This study investigated early adolescents' psychophysiological response to a school-related
stressor (SRS) as indexed by heart rate variability and examined the unique and interactive …

The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between a school-specific trait (academic
self-concept of ability [ASCA]) and hormonal stress response by using a trait-compatible …

Cognition can influence choices by modulation of decision-making processes. This cognitive
regulation is defined as processing information, applying knowledge, and changing …