Extreme heat, drought and moisture excess are increasingly co-occurring within a single
growing season, impacting crop yields in global breadbasket regions. In this Review, we …

Understanding dryland dynamics is essential to predict future climate trajectories. However,
there remains large uncertainty on the extent to which drylands are expanding or greening …

Compound drought–heatwave (CDHW) events are one of the worst climatic stressors for
global sustainable development. However, the physical mechanisms behind CDHWs and …

Increases in concurrent climate extremes in different parts of the world threaten the
ecosystem and our society. However, spatial patterns of these extremes and their past and …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Drought is a costly natural hazard with far-reaching impacts on agriculture, ecosystem, water
supply, and socio-economy. While propagating through the water cycle, drought evolves into …

Drylands are an essential component of the Earth System and are among the most
vulnerable to climate change. In this Review, we synthesize observational and modelling …

Year-to-year changes in carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems have an essential role in
determining atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It remains uncertain to what extent …

Both low soil water content (SWC) and high atmospheric dryness (vapor pressure deficit,
VPD) can negatively affect terrestrial gross primary production (GPP). The sensitivity of GPP …

There is strong evidence that climate change will increase drought risk and severity, but
these conclusions depend on the regions, seasons, and drought metrics being considered …