The last few decades have witnessed unprecedented convergence between humans and
machines that closely operate around the human body. Despite these advances, traditional …

Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water. Many biological hydrogels in animal
bodies such as muscles, heart valves, cartilages, and tendons possess extreme mechanical …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing, as a revolutionary technology for
future advanced manufacturing, usually prints parts with poor control of complex gradients …

The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

The adhesion of soft connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, and cartilages) on bones in
many animals can maintain high toughness (∽ 800 J m− 2) over millions of cycles of …

Entheses are the insertion sites of tendons and ligaments to the bone surface and are
essential structures for locomotion. Inflammation of the entheses (enthesitis) is a key feature …

Tendon is an intricately organized connective tissue that efficiently transfers muscle force to
the bony skeleton. Its structure, function, and physiology reflect the extreme, repetitive …

Phase separation in living organisms is essential for the execution of biological functions, for
example, the formation of membrane-less organelles and the functionalization of …

Mechanical loading is an important factor in musculoskeletal health and disease. Tendons
and ligaments require physiological levels of mechanical loading to develop and maintain …

It is a big challenge to design a biomimetic physical microenvironment with greater similarity
to in vivo tissue to observe real cell behaviors. We established a novel cell culture platform …