Symbiotic associations between mammals and fungi have been well documented and are
widely regarded as vital to ecosystem functions around the world. Symbioses between birds …

Woodpeckers and other primary cavity excavators (PCEs) are important worldwide for
excavating cavities in trees, and a large number of studies have examined their nesting …

Human‐scent contamination of bird nests and the human‐made trails leading to them is
suspected to influence nest survival by attracting or deterring predatory mammals. This …

Woodpeckers, able to excavate holes in trees, can provide resources critical for non-
excavator hole users. Supply of woodpecker-made holes in forests depends on excavation …

Woodpeckers are the primary tree-cavity producers in North America and, through their
process of cavity excavation, they create nesting and roosting habitat for a complex web of …

Numerous forest organisms rely on non-excavated tree-holes, which are often limited in
managed European woods. Holes' supply depends on formation rates and persistence …

The cavity-nesting Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) is a once
common, but now threatened, species across most of its range. Although several drivers for …

Salvage logging practices in recently burned forests often have direct effects on species
associated with dead trees, particularly cavity‐nesting birds. As such, evaluation of postfire …

In managed forests, birds that create their own breeding holes in trees have limited access
to substrates in which they can excavate. Therefore, nest site use in these forests possibly …

Background Nest predation is usually the main cause of bird nest failure.'Predation
avoidance hypothesis' of nest-site selection predicts that birds should prefer nest-sites with …