In this entry, we define Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) and present a description of their
core components. We outline a history of the development of ITSs with a focus on key issues …

Research into student affect detection has historically relied on ground truth measures of
emotion that utilize one of three sources of data:(1) self-report data,(2) classroom …

Game-based learning offers rich learning opportunities, but open-ended games make it
difficult to identify struggling students. Prior work compares student paths to a single expert's …

The measurement of affect presents a challenge for researchers in quantitative ethnography
and related communities, as each of the several possible methods for obtaining ground truth …

In this paper, we propose a new method for selecting cases for in situ, immediate interview
research: detector-driven classroom interviewing (DDCI). Published work in educational …

The effects of educational anxiety have been observed across multiple disciplines; anxiety
negatively influences cognition, self-regulation, performance, and educational outcomes …

Affect detection is integral to creating affect-sensitive learning systems, but the impact of
measurement methods needs further research. This paper uses ordered network analysis …

Help from virtual pedagogical agents has the potential to improve student learning. Yet
students often do not seek help when they need it, do not use help effectively, or ignore the …

Within education, anxiety has generally been defined as the affective reaction to
overwhelming cognitive and motivational demands tied to highly valued academic …

With the advent of advanced computing methods, the QE community has been presented
with opportunities to broaden the definitions and fundamental practices of QE. The purpose …