Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin,
phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor …

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are
capable of killing virally infected and/or cancerous cells. Nearly 20 years ago, NK cell …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid tumours
despite the use of multi-agent conventional chemotherapy regimens. Such poor outcomes …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) cells constitute a vital element of tumor tissue. Increasing
evidence has elucidated their clinicopathologic significance in predicting outcomes and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during
development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive …

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and contribute to protecting the
host through killing of infected, foreign, stressed or transformed cells. Additionally, via …

In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in tumor immunotherapy. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, is effective in …

Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) is a
negative modulatory signaling pathway for activation of T cell. It is acknowledged that PD …