Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used
experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

Sex differences in autoimmune disease | Nature Immunology Skip to main content Thank you
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This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) affecting young people and leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The …

The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are complex diseases that are caused by an
interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental triggers. Genetic susceptibility …

Males are less susceptible than females to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
and many other autoimmune diseases. Gender differences in cytokine production have …

Multiple sclerosis patients who become pregnant experience a significant decrease in
relapses that may be mediated by a shift in immune responses from T helper 1 to T helper 2 …

Adaptations in maternal systemic immunity are presumed to be responsible for observed
alterations in disease susceptibility and severity as pregnancy progresses. Epidemiological …

Estrogens have been shown to modulate immune responses. Several studies have
demonstrated the capacity of T cells, B cells, and monocytes to respond to estrogens and …