Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are arguably among the most successful antibiotics of recent times.
They have enjoyed over 30 years of clinical usage and become essential tools in the …

Many cancer type-specific anticancer agents have been developed and significant
advances have been made toward precision medicine in cancer treatment. However …

DNA gyrase is classified as topoisomerase II, an ATP-dependent enzyme that is vital in the
transcription, replication of DNA and chromosome segregation processes. It plays a crucial …

DNA gyrase is a type II topoisomerase that can introduce negative supercoils into DNA at
the expense of ATP hydrolysis. It is essential in all bacteria but absent from higher …

Several well-recognized puzzles in microbiology have remained unsolved for decades.
These include latent bacterial infections, unculturable microorganisms, persister cells and …

Although plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was thought not to exist before its
discovery in 1998, the past decade has seen an explosion of research characterizing this …

Bacterial populations produce a small number of dormant persister cells that exhibit
multidrug tolerance. All resistance mechanisms do essentially the same thing: prevent the …

Fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging in Gram-negative pathogens worldwide. The
traditional understanding that quinolone resistance is acquired only through mutation and …

A new perspective on the topic of antibiotic resistance is beginning to emerge based on a
broader evolutionary and ecological understanding rather than from the traditional …

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that control the topology of DNA in all cells. There are
two types, I and II, classified according to whether they make transient single-or double …