More than a century ago, William Morton Wheeler proposed that social insect colonies can
be regarded as superorganisms when they have morphologically differentiated reproductive …

Jellyfish have provided insight into important components of animal propulsion, such as
suction thrust, passive energy recapture, vortex wall effects, and the rotational mechanics of …

Abstract Background The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades,
during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been …

Systema Naturae includes representatives of every major lineage of the animal phylum
Cnidaria. However, Linnaeus did not classify the members of the phylum as is now done …

Cnidaria, the sister group to Bilateria, is a highly diverse group of animals in terms of
morphology, lifecycles, ecology, and development. How this diversity originated and evolved …

Jellyfish (medusae) are a distinctive life-cycle stage of medusozoan cnidarians. They are
major marine predators, with integrated neurosensory, muscular and organ systems. The …

Background Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydroids, jellyfish) is a phylum of relatively
simple aquatic animals characterized by the presence of the cnidocyst: a cell containing a …

The phylum Cnidaria is comprised of remarkably diverse and ecologically significant taxa,
such as the reef-forming corals, and occupies a basal position in metazoan evolution. The …

Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1.-This study reviews all European hydrozoan species belonging to
the capitate families Acaulidae, Boreohydridae, Candelabridae, Cladocorynidae …

Background The life cycle of scyphozoan cnidarians alternates between sessile asexual
polyps and pelagic medusa. Transition from one life form to another is triggered by …