Our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie biological processes has relied
extensively on loss-of-function (LOF) analyses. LOF methods target DNA, RNA or protein to …

Although the framework of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is evolutionarily
conserved, recent studies indicate that fundamental differences exist between Drosophila …

Approximately one-third of all mammalian genes are essential for life. Phenotypes resulting
from knockouts of these genes in mice have provided tremendous insight into gene function …

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect, affecting nearly 1% of live
births; the incidence of CHD is up to tenfold higher in human fetuses,. A genetic contribution …

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins were first identified as essential factors for the growth
and maintenance of flagella in the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In a …

The intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins Ift172/Wimple and Polaris/Ift88 and the anterograde
IFT motor kinesin-II are required for the production and maintenance of cilia. These proteins …

Between the early 1930s and his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin had more than a million of his
own citizens executed. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, bloody …

The Cdc25A phosphatase is essential for cell-cycle progression because of its function in
dephosphorylating cyclin-dependent kinases. In response to DNA damage or stalled …

The progress of human genome sequencing is driving genetic approaches to define gene
function. Strategies such as gene traps and chemical mutagenesis will soon generate a …

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4) is a member of a family of
structurally related, single-pass transmembrane proteins that carry out a variety of functions …