Against conventional approaches that tend to minimize the importance of sub-state
diplomacy, this article argues that this reality is presently undergoing a process of legal and …

Paradiplomacy remains largely unknown but the phenomenon it represents has almost
become commonplace. Even if the phenomenon is very widespread and although …

Paradiplomacy, federalism and international negotiation are increasingly prevalent
phenomena that require more theoretical attention. Successful mobilization of non-central …

Abstract/Résumés Beginning in the 1960s, Quebec began to engage in activities that were
intended to promote its international interests. It also has been observed that, during certain …

Regional sub-state diplomacy has come of age during the past decade. No longer limited to
just a handful of federal states in Europe, sub-state entities across the world today engage in …

Multilevel climate governance (MCG) makes room for multiple non-state actors, including
subnational governments, to engage actively in international activities that are …

This article explains why Québec is one the most active subnational governments at the
international level. Traditionally, researchers discuss paradiplomacy and protodiplomacy …

This chapter clarifies some conceptual issues concerning paradiplomatic actors and the
nature of paradiplomacy. It discusses the characteristics of the activities abroad of Brazil's …

This book examines emerging forms of governance in the Arctic region, exploring how
different types of state and non-state actors promote and support rules and standards. The …

Theoretical scholarship on the practice of paradiplomacy has not kept pace with empirical
analysis. Many of the core concepts used to map paradiplomacy in scholarly literature …