In recent years different lines of evidence have led to the idea that motor actions and
movements in both vertebrates and invertebrates are composed of elementary building …

The motor cortex was experimentally identified more than a century ago using surface
electrical stimulation and lesions. Those first studies initiated a debate about the role of the …

Reach errors may be broadly classified into errors arising from unpredictable changes in
target location, called target errors, and errors arising from miscalibration of internal models …

Adaptation is sometimes viewed as a process in which the nervous system learns to predict
and cancel effects of a novel environment, returning movements to near baseline …

Recent theories of limb control emphasize motor cortex as a dynamical system, with
planning setting the initial neural state, and execution arising from the self-limiting evolution …

Generalization of motor learning refers to our ability to apply what has been learned in one
context to other contexts. When generalization is beneficial, it is termed transfer, and when it …

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) extract signals from neural activity to control remote
devices ranging from computer cursors to limb-like robots. They show great potential to help …

Several studies have shown that sensory contextual cues can reduce the interference
observed during learning of opposing force fields. However, because each study examined …

Actions often require the selection of a specific goal amongst a range of possibilities, like
when a softball player must precisely position her glove to field a fast-approaching ground …

Current models of motor learning suggest that multiple timescales support adaptation to
changes in visual or mechanical properties of the environment. These models capture …