Efforts from diverse disciplines, including evolutionary studies and biomechanical
experiments, have yielded new insights into the genetic, signaling, and mechanical control …

The teeth of mammals are the key interface between food and animal–where the rubber
meets the road. Mammals generally use their teeth for mechanical processing, thereby …

The horse lineage (family Equidae) represents one of the clearest acquisitions of
complicated derived dental morphology from a more generalized ancestor. Here we …

The extinction of the Quaternary megafauna stands out among the evolutionary history of
Cenozoic mammals. In South America, nearly 80% of the megamammals went extinct …

The proboscidean Notiomastodon platensis is widely recognized in the Pleistocene of
Brazil, but direct evidence for its feeding behavior is scant. In this paper, we report …

The spread of grasslands and cooling climate in the Miocene contributed to an increasingly
abrasive diet for ungulates. This increase in abrasiveness is proposed to select for both …

Most tapirs are good seed dispersers. An exception is the Malayan tapir, Tapirus indicus, a
seed predator (mainly of large seeds). Little is known about the capacity for tapirs to …

Notoungulates, native South American fossil mammals, have been recently objective of
several palaeoecological studies. Ecomorphology and biomechanics of the masticatory …

Four groups of equids,“Anchitheriinae,” Merychippine-grade Equinae, Hipparionini, and
Equini, coexisted in the middle Miocene, but only the Equini remains after 16 Myr of …

Neogene and Pleistocene African suids displayed convergent evolutionary trends in the
third molar (M3) morphology, with increasingly elongated and higher crowns through time …