Shadow enhancers are seemingly redundant transcriptional cis-regulatory elements that
regulate the same gene and drive overlap** expression patterns. Recent studies have …

Distant-acting tissue-specific enhancers, which regulate gene expression, vastly outnumber
protein-coding genes in mammalian genomes, but the functional importance of this …

Hox genes play key roles in axial patterning and regulating the regional identity of cells and
tissues in a wide variety of animals from invertebrates to vertebrates. Nested domains of Hox …

Enhancers can regulate the promoters of their target genes over very large genomic
distances. It is widely assumed that mechanisms of enhancer action involve the …

INTRODUCTION In animals, gene regulatory networks specify cell identity in space and
time. Transcription of genes in these networks is modulated by a class of cis-regulatory …

Correct notochord and neural tube (NT) formation is crucial to the development of the central
nervous system and midline structures. Integrated biochemical and biophysical signaling …

Deuterostomes are one major group of bilaterians composed by hemichordates and
echinoderms (collectively called Ambulacraria) and chordates. Comparative studies …

All vertebrate brains develop following a common Bauplan defined by anteroposterior (AP)
and dorsoventral (DV) subdivisions, characterized by largely conserved differential …

The evolution of gene regulation is considered one of the main drivers causing the
astonishing morphological diversity in the animal kingdom. Gene regulation in animals …

Hemichordates are an important group for investigating the evolution of bilaterian nervous
systems. As the closest chordate outgroup with a bilaterally symmetric adult body plan …