The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of the TGF-β family of growth and
differentiation factors, which is encoded by 33 genes in mammals and comprises homo-and …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …

Despite maximal surgical and medical therapy, the treatment of glioblastoma remains a
seriously vexing problem, with median survival well under 2 years and few long-term …

Macrophages play a key role in both normal and pathological processes involving immune
and inflammatory responses, to a large extent through their capacity to secrete a wide range …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults,
characterized by diffuse infiltration, dysplasia, and resistance to therapy. Metabolic …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a
diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and …

Exercise improves health and well-being across diverse organ systems, and elucidating
mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise can lead to new therapies. Here …

The transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of growth factors controls an immense number
of cellular responses and figures prominently in development and homeostasis of most …

Objective. To investigate mechanisms involved in inflammation and new bone formation in
the sacroiliac (SI) joints of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Patients and methods …