Cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated soon after birth.
Therefore, in the adult heart, instead of an increase in cardiomyocyte number, individual …

Left ventricular hypertrophy is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Although reverse ventricular remodelling was long thought to be irreversible, evidence from …

Ca2+ plays a crucial role in connecting membrane excitability with contraction in
myocardium. The hallmark features of heart failure are mechanical dysfunction and …

Epac1 and Epac2 are cAMP-dependent guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors for the small
GTPases Rap1 and Rap2, and are known to be important mediators of cAMP signaling. The …

cAMP‐mediated signaling pathways regulate a multitude of important biological processes
under both physiological and pathological conditions, including diabetes, heart failure and …

cAMP is a second messenger that is essential for relaying hormonal responses in many
biological processes. The discovery of the cAMP target Epac explained various effects of …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

The EP4 prostanoid receptor is one of four receptor subtypes for prostaglandin E 2. It
belongs to the family of G protein–coupled receptors. It was originally identified, similar to …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of
cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes …