Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 belong to the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family, along with IL-3, IL-
5, and IL-9. These cytokines are key mediators of allergic inflammation. They have important …

The Th2 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 and the heterodimeric IL‐4 receptor (IL‐4R)
complexes that they interact with play a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders …

Mammals have evolved neurophysiologic reflexes, such as coughing and scratching, to
expel invading pathogens and noxious environmental stimuli. It is well established that …

Interleukins (IL)-4 and-13 play a pivotal role in the pathobiology of type-2 asthma. Indeed, IL-
4 is crucially involved in Th2 cell differentiation, immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and …

Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

Macrophages play diverse roles in development, homeostasis, and immunity. Accordingly,
the dysfunction of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and progression of various …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

Beige fat, which expresses the thermogenic protein UCP1, provides a defense against cold
and obesity. Although a cold environment is the physiologic stimulus for inducing beige fat in …

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), an innate source of the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-
5 and-13, participate in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Although type 2 immunity is …

In vertebrates, activation of innate immunity is an early response to injury, implicating it in the
regenerative process. However, the mechanisms by which innate signals might regulate …