Tissue clearing of gross anatomical samples was first described more than a century ago
and has only recently found widespread use in the field of microscopy. This renaissance has …

The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by
which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart,–. However, whether an increased heart …

Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in
the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of …

Connections between the gut and brain monitor the intestinal tissue and its microbial and
dietary content, regulating both physiological intestinal functions such as nutrient absorption …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

INTRODUCTION Single-cell RNA sequencing has demonstrated that both stable cell types
and transient cell states can be discovered and defined by transcriptomes. In situ …

Episodic memories initially require rapid synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus for their
formation and are gradually consolidated in neocortical networks for permanent storage …

Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity and were shown to be necessary for plasticity and
memory. To test whether astrocytic activity is also sufficient to generate synaptic potentiation …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …