Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Summary The stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) are an extremely diverse lineage of
hymenopteran insects, encompassing over 70,000 described species and a diversity of life …

Using historic data sets, we quantified the degree to which global change over 120 years
disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate forest understory community in Illinois …

At a time when nature conservation has become essential to ensure the long-term
sustainability of our environment, it is widely acknowledged that conservation actions must …

Background Apoid wasps and bees (Apoidea) are an ecologically and morphologically
diverse group of Hymenoptera, with some species of bees having evolved eusocial …

Gaining a genomic perspective on phylogeny requires the collection of data from many
putatively independent loci across the genome. Among insects, an increasingly common …

The object of curiosity and admiration of scientists and conservationists, the Brazilian
Atlantic Forest is scientifically explored in this book. Over the 23 chapters written by 149 …

Reliable estimates on the ages of the major bee clades are needed to further understand the
evolutionary history of bees and their close association with flowering plants. Divergence …

Bee–fungus associations are common, and while most studies focus on entomopathogens,
emerging evidence suggests that bees associate with a variety of symbiotic fungi that can …