Stratigraphy provides insights into the evolution and dynamics of the Earth System over its
long history. With recent developments in Earth System science, changes in Earth System …

The tectonic evolution of the Indian plate, which started in Late Jurassic about 167million
years ago (~ 167Ma) with the breakup of Gondwana, presents an exceptional and intricate …

The Himalayan-Tibetan orogen culminated during the Cenozoic India--Asia collision, but its
geological framework and initial growth were fundamentally the result of multiple, previous …

We use numerical climate simulations, paleoclimate data, and modern observations to study
the effect of growing ice melt from Antarctica and Greenland. Meltwater tends to stabilize the …

On multimillion-year time scales, Earth has experienced warm ice-free and cold glacial
climates, but it is unknown whether transitions between these background climate states …

Cenozoic temperature, sea level and CO2 covariations provide insights into climate
sensitivity to external forcings and sea-level sensitivity to climate change. Climate sensitivity …

Weathering of uplifted continental rocks consumes carbon dioxide and transports cations to
the oceans, thereby playing a critical role in controlling both seawater chemistry and climate …

Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy
from the Sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The …

Deep Earth degassing is a critical forcing factor for atmospheric CO2 variations and
palaeoclimate changes in Earth's history. For the Cenozoic, the key driving mechanism of …

Numerous continents have rifted and drifted away from Gondwana to repeatedly open
ocean basins over the past∼ 500 million years. These Gondwana-derived continents drifted …