The total rate of plastic production is anticipated to surpass 1.1 billion tons per year by 2050.
Plastic waste is non-biodegradable and accumulates in natural ecosystems. In 2020, the …

Downstream is a very expensive process for microbial fermentation. It usually involves
complicated equipment and processes to obtain desired chemicals or materials from intra …

Peptidoglycan is a defining feature of the bacterial cell wall. Initially identified as a target of
the revolutionary beta-lactam antibiotics, peptidoglycan has become a subject of much …

Compared with the extensive knowledge on cell division in model eukaryotes and bacteria,
little is known about how archaea divide. Interestingly, both endosomal sorting complex …

For decades, cells of the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus were
thought to lack a dedicated elongation machinery. However, S. aureus cells were recently …

Bacteria thrive in virtually all environments. Like all other living organisms, bacteria may
encounter various types of stresses, to which cells need to adapt. In this chapter, we …

The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is critical for survival across a wide range of
environmental conditions. The inner membrane, the periplasm and the outer membrane …

The cell wall is a surface layer located outside the cell membrane of almost all bacteria; it
protects cells from environmental stresses and gives them their typical shape. The cell wall …

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a protective mesh-like polymer in bacterial cell walls that enables their
survival in almost every ecological niche. PG is formed by crosslinking of several glycan …

Mechanical rupture, or lysis, of the cytoplasmic membrane is a common cell death pathway
in bacteria occurring in response to β-lactam antibiotics. A better understanding of the …