In this paper, we review constitutive models for soft materials. We specifically focus on
physically based models accounting for hyperelasticity, visco-hyperelasticity, and damage …

Tough elastomers and gels have garnered broad research interest due to their wide-ranging
potential applications. However, during the loading and unloading cycles, a clear stress …

Hydrogels have been developed since the 1960s for applications in personal care,
medicine, and engineering. Evidence has accumulated that hydrogels under prolonged …

Soft materials with mechanical adaptability have substantial potential for various
applications in tissue engineering. Gaining a deep understanding of the structural evolution …

Tough hydrogels with unconventional polymer network architectures often show superior
mechanical properties because of the microstructures at the polymer chain and network …

Cross-linked elastomers are reinforced elastomers with high stretchability and toughness.
However, most elastomeric materials lose their toughness due to the accumulation of …

A micro-mechanical constitutive model is presented to predict the concurrent effects of
thermal aging and cyclic fatigue on the constitutive behavior of cross-linked polymers. The …

Elastomeric materials are often used as components that undergo cyclic loading during
application, such as tires, seals, and hoses. For this reason, the long-term performance, or …

Rubber-like soft materials can be modeled by the statistical behavior of polymer chains and
the network theory within the framework of thermodynamics. For example, the freely jointed …

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are composed of rod-like liquid crystal (LC) molecules
(mesogens) linked into elastomeric polymer networks. They present a nematic phase with …