Question answering (QA) has become a popular way for humans to access billion-scale
knowledge bases. Unlike web search, QA over a knowledge base gives out accurate and …

Question answering, an information retrieval system that seeks knowledge, is one of the
classic applications in Natural Language Processing. A question answering system …

This article provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of question answering
technology. It presents the question answering task from an information retrieval perspective …

Ontologies provide a structured representation of concepts and the relationships which
connect them. This work investigates how a pre-existing educational Biology ontology can …

With recent advancements in Semantic Web technologies, a new trend in MCQ item
generation has emerged through the use of ontologies. Ontologies are knowledge …

With the appearance of Semantic Web technologies, it becomes possible to develop novel,
sophisticated question answering systems, where ontologies are usually used as the core …

Over the recent years, a large number of knowledge graphs (KGs) have been developed to
store and present small and medium enterprises' data in the form of subject-predicate-object …

Being able to communicate with machines by means of natural language is a long cherished
dream of mankind. Consequently, it has been a central topic in many Science Fiction movies …

Assessment forms a key constituent of the instructional process. It provides a measure for
evaluating learning and evaluating the effectiveness of instructional pedagogy. However …

This chapter describes core tasks that are routinely performed on natural language texts.
Some of these tasks are often considered as preprocessing and form the foundation for …