Adaptive explanations for modern human foot anatomy have long fascinated evolutionary
biologists because of the dramatic differences between our feet and those of our closest …

Impaired walking increases injury risk during locomotion, including falls-related acute
injuries and overuse damage to lower limb joints. Gait impairments seriously restrict …

Previous studies of human locomotion indicate that foot and ankle structures can interact in
complex ways. The structure of the foot defines the input and output lever arms that …

Background Walking speed is reduced with aging. However, it is not certain whether the
reduced walking speed is associated with physical and coordination fitness. This study …

Rapid unloading and a peak in power output of the ankle joint have been widely observed
during push-off in human walking. Model-based studies hypothesize that this push-off …

Fossil tracks represent a direct window onto the lives of extinct organisms, being formed and
preserved in situ. Because track morphology is determined by limb motion, foot anatomy and …

Owing to their cursorial background, ostriches (Struthio camelus) walk and run with high
metabolic economy, can reach very fast running speeds and quickly execute cutting …

Human gait optimality has been investigated recently, with the development of detailed
musculoskeletal models, through trajectory optimization approaches or deep reinforcement …

Human-like features, like toe-off, heel-strike, and disturbance rejection, can enhance the
performance of bipedal robots. However, the required control strategies for these motions …

Humans can generate and sustain a wide range of walking velocities while optimizing their
energy efficiency. Understanding the intricate mechanisms governing human walking will …