Roads, railways and rail transit lines play major roles in transporting passengers and freight.
In the design process for such transportation infrastructures, the alignment determination …

The design and planning of railway alignments is the dominant task in railway construction.
However, it is difficult to achieve self‐learning and learning from human experience with …

Because roads are the major backbone of the transportation network, research about crack
detection on road surfaces has been popular in computer and infrastructure engineering …

The vertical alignment optimization is about develo** a minimum cost curvilinear vertical
profile of constrained grade sections and appropriate non‐overlap** vertical curves …

Sustainable urban road planning necessitates the formulation of functional, economic,
people-friendly, eco-friendly, and engineering-reasonable road schemes within the confines …

Railway design is complex and closely linked to environmental concerns. To solve this
problem, a two-stage method considering three categories of environmental factors …

Sustainable urban road alignment planning should provide functional, economical, people-
friendly, and eco-friendly schemes to meet traffic-related demands and promote social …

Railway alignment optimization should consider multiple environmental factors. Especially
considering the changing climate, low-carbon design is crucial in alignment development …

Mountain railway alignment design is an important but complex civil engineering problem.
To overcome the drastically undulating terrain, long tunnels and high bridges are major …

Mountain railway alignment optimization has always been a challenge for designers and
researchers in this field. It is extremely difficult for existing methods that optimize alignments …