The aim of this review is to consider the potential benefits that females may gain from mating
more than once in a single reproductive cycle. The relationship between non-genetic and …

Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either
sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Only a limited number of animal species lend themselves to becoming model organisms in
multiple biological disciplines: one of these is the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis …

Females of all species belonging to the family Drosophilidae have two kinds of sperm‐
storage organs: paired spherical spermathecae and a single elongate tubular seminal …

This book presents a thorough scholarly review of gastropod neurobiology presenting what
is known about identified nerve cells, neural circuits, and behavior. Aplysia has been a …

We suggest that damaging mating tactics, such as physical aggression, the evolution of
genital barbs and spines, and the transfer of seminal toxins may serve as a general means …

Publisher Summary The mechanisms of sexual reproduction are expected to be complex
and evolutionarily dynamic in internally fertilizing species, where numerous biochemical …

Postcopulatory competition between males, in the form of sperm competition, is a
widespread phenomenon in many animal species. The extent to which sperm competition …

Background Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes often lead to co-
evolutionary arms races consisting of repeated arisal of traits advantageous for one sex but …