Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival.
Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors …

The amount of risk animals perceive in a given circumstance (ie their degree of 'fear') is a
difficult motivational state to study. While many studies have used flight initiation distance as …

The author shares some lessons learned from a lifetime of working with and thinking about
groups. Three types of groups are described, including the impact they have on the …

To study animal welfare empirically we need an objective basis for deciding when an animal
is suffering. Suffering includes a wide range ofunpleasant emotional states such as fear …

In Animal Minds, Donald R. Griffin takes us on a guided tour of the recent explosion of
scientific research on animal mentality. Are animals consciously aware of anything, or are …

Despite the depiction of nature" red in tooth and claw", cooperation is actually widespread in
the animal kingdom. Various types of cooperative behaviors have been documented in …

This book celebrates the guppy's unique contribution to evolutionary ecology. Ever since
Caryl Haskins described guppy populations as a'natural experiment'because of the way …

Predatory threat can vary during a predator-prey interaction as an attack escalates or among
predators at different times. A Threat-sensitivity hypothesis is presented which predicts that …

Summary the evolutionary questions surrounding alarm signalling remain unresolved, but
we should now have a better understanding of the elements that must be considered in the …

Recent experiments have demonstrated the adaptive advantages of schooling behaviour
during predator defence. Fish in schools benefit from increased vigilance and, as a …