Neural circuits must maintain stable function in the face of many plastic challenges,
including changes in synapse number and strength, during learning and development …

Abstract “Neural plasticity” refers to the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself,
functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury. As the various chapters in …

Ketamine exerts rapid antidepressant action in depressed and treatment-resistant
depressed patients within hours. At the same time, ketamine elicits a unique form of …

Activity has an important role in refining synaptic connectivity during development, in part
through'Hebbian'mechanisms such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression …

This paper reviews a novel hypothesis about the functions of slow wave sleep—the synaptic
homeostasis hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, plastic processes occurring during …

Homeostatic synaptic scaling is a form of synaptic plasticity that adjusts the strength of all of
a neuron's excitatory synapses up or down to stabilize firing. Current evidence suggests that …

It is often assumed that cellular and synaptic properties need to be regulated to specific
values to allow a neuronal network to function properly. To determine how tightly neuronal …

Norepinephrine (NE) is a neuromodulator that in multiple ways regulates the activity of
neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NE participates in the rapid modulation of cortical circuits …

Neurons in most animals live a very long time relative to the half-lives of all of the proteins
that govern excitability and synaptic transmission. Consequently, homeostatic mechanisms …

Maintaining the proper balance between excitation and inhibition is critical for the normal
function of cortical circuits. This balance is thought to be maintained by an array of …