Various environmental stressors, such as extreme temperatures (hot and cold), pathogens,
predators and insufficient food, can threaten life. Remarkable progress has recently been …

Neural substrates of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and non-REMS
(NREMS) in the mammalian hypothalamus overlap both anatomically and functionally with …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) enables mammals to respond to situations, including internal
states, with appropriate actions. One such internal state could be 'tiredness'. Here, using …

General anesthesia—a pharmacologically induced reversible state of unconsciousness—
enables millions of life-saving procedures. Anesthetics induce unconsciousness in part by …

Sleep and body temperature are tightly interconnected in mammals: warming up our body
helps to fall asleep and the body temperature in turn drops while falling asleep. The preoptic …

General anesthesia (GA) is an unconscious state produced by anesthetic drugs, which act
on neurons to cause overall suppression of neuronal activity in the brain. Recent studies …

Common human experience is that a long period without sleep is unsustainable, and it is
also detrimental to health and behavior. The powerful and primal urge to sleep after sleep …

In homeothermic animals sleep preparatory behaviours often promote thermal efficiency,
including warmth-seeking, adopting particular postures (curling up, head tucking) and nest …

Progress has been made in the elucidation of sleep and wakefulness regulation at the
neurocircuit level,. However, the intracellular signalling pathways that regulate sleep and the …

General anesthesia has been successfully used in clinics for over 170 years, but its
mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep as …