Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however,
the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

Organisms use energy to grow and reproduce, so the processes of energy metabolism and
biological production should be tightly bound. On the basis of this tenet, we developed and …

This introduction to the topical collection on Pace-of-life syndromes: a framework for the
adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology, and life history provides an overview of …

This paper presents the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), an evolutionary–developmental
theory of individual differences in the functioning of the stress response system. The stress …

The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis specifies that closely related species or
populations experiencing different ecological conditions should differ in a suite of metabolic …

The attrition of telomeres, the ends of eukaryote chromosomes, is thought to play an
important role in cell deterioration with advancing age. The observed variation in telomere …

The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts that individual differences in behavior should
integrate with morphological, physiological, and life-history traits along a slow to fast pace-of …

The term 'carryover effect'originally arose from repeated measures clinical experiments.
However, the term has more recently been applied to ecological and evolutionary studies …

1. Why Do We Measure Stress? 2. Quantifying Stress 3. Specific Measures of Fish Stress
3.1. Cellular and Molecular Indicators 3.2. Primary and Secondary Physiological Indicators …